6/12/2023 0 Comments Star chart zodiacJupiter resides in the 3rd House by a degree in Sagittarius, which shows the desire to talk a lot with the incentive of finding an understanding of the self through discussing matters thoroughly.Ĭontinue around the wheel using the house guidance above, and there you have your birth chart. This energy is further felt through Pluto’s presence in Scorpio in the 3rd House. The 3rd House is ruled by Scorpio, which denotes a need for truth in all communication. (You can get one from an astrologer or by plugging your info into an online service such as .) Your chart serves as a glimpse of not just the. The 2nd House is ruled by Libra, which means that financial matters are handled with care and financial gain happens through partnerships. This energy creates an energised and active vibe. Find out your most important dates for love and romance with this personalized love Astrology horoscope. Action planet Mars is also in the 1st House in Libra. Follow the movement of the planets in your Astrology chart so you can come out on top over the next 12 months Start My Reading > Big Picture 1-Year Astrology Love Forecast. This denotes an analytical and patient personality. DESTINY DAYS: Wednesday wakes up your leadership skills big time. Here the ascendant/1st House is ruled by Virgo, whose natural planetary ruler is Mercury. Virgo - The key traits for the sign include loyalty and kindness. RT astrologyvibez: Do you have a copy of your real-sky natal chart yet Real sky chart includes Ophiuchus (the divine healer), accurate zodiac constellation sizes and houses in alignment with cardinal directions. We will start counter-clockwise, where the letters ‘AC’ are for ascendant-the starting point of the chart. Enter the time of birth, using local time. Birth chart Name (initial or nickname) He She They Enter the birthdate using the selected format. Before creating a report, please read the instructions and notes below the form. As you can see, the birth chart is mapped out in the form of a wheel. Astro-Charts make it easy to discover the unique and interesting chart patterns in your birth chart (natal chart). Birth Chart Entry Create your natal chart here.
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6/12/2023 0 Comments Canon eos shutter counterMagic Lantern– may work for some EOS, including the 550D (Rebel T2i). Google Chrome can also be used to utilize EOSCount, but you’ll have to browse using the IE tab plug-in. Internet Explorer (32 bit) is the recommended browser for EOSCount, from which you will need to install the ActiveX control which will read the data directly from your camera which needs to be connected to your PC via USB. To make is easy for you, the EOS models that will most likely work with EOSCount are:ġ100D (Rebel T3) | 1000D (Rebel XS) | 650D (Rebel T4i) | 600D (Rebel T3i) | 500D (Rebel T1i) | 550D (Rebel T2i) | 450D (Rebel XSi) | 60Da | 60D | 50D | 40D | 7D | 5D Mark III | 5D Mark II | 1D X | ID Mark IV | ID Mark III | IDs Mark III If you’re not sure what kind of sensor your EOS has, then you can check it out on Astro Photography Tool’s “Canon EOS models matrix“. It can also sync a camera clock to your PC’s clock.” “…allows you to read a shutter counter from a Canon EOS DSLR (DIGIC III and later) camera. Nonetheless, based on the statement, the compatible EOS models are:ġ100D (Rebel T3) | 1000D (Rebel XS) | 650D (Rebel T4i) | 600D (Rebel T3i) | 500D (Rebel T1i) | 550D (Rebel T2i) | 450D (Rebel XSi) | 60Da | 60D | 50D | 40D | 7D | 5D Mark III | 5D Mark II EOSCountĮOSCount – is was a freeware utility developed by Sergey Vasilevskiy that: Though this disclaimer is given, users have reported that the utility has worked with the EOS-1D Mark IV model. “The shutter count information is available *only* on Canon DIGIC III/IV DSLRs *except* the 1D* series.” Advertisements It is stated on the Astrojargon website that: The utility is free and will work on most EOS models. Mac users can utilize this version, and the newer version, EOSInfo, is currently only for Windows users. Freeware Utilities for finding shutter count: 40DShutterCount & EOSInfoĤ0DShutterCount Utility (Version 2) – developed by Astrojargon, was originally for the EOS 40D, but it can work with other EOS models. They’ve helped us photographers out a lot. All Most of these utilities are free, and if you can spare, donate to the developers. But for the most part, there’s a utility available for your EOS model. There’s no tool that works seamlessly for all EOS models, let alone on both Windows and Mac platforms. Interestingly, there’s no official Canon based application to find the shutter count for an EOS DSLR, however, there are a few free online tools that may help you to do this. There you can find out the average life expectancy for your EOS model(s). In fact, the Camera Shutter Life Expectancy Database is a really neat user-based site for DSLR models of several brands, including Canon. Typically this count is between 100,000 and 300,000 shutter actuations, with the latter limit associated with the EOS-1D models. Usually, you’ll have to take a couple hundred thousand photos before this happens though, and Canon has allegedly released a particular shutter actuation threshold to indicate the number of shots expected for each EOS model before the shutter fails. At this point, you may either need to have the shutter replaced or purchase a new camera. Sooner or later, your DSLR’s shutter will wear, slow down and eventually stop functioning. Just as with any piece of mechanical equipment, a camera has a lifetime that is based on the number of shutter actuations otherwise known as shutter clicks or the shutter count. Windows ($2.99) – Current version is 1.Shutter Count Number is important – A DSLR’s shutter will eventually fail Mac OS X ($2.99) – Current version is 1.2, Requires OS X 10.6.8 or later, 64-bit processor ShutterCount is certified to work with all of the cameras listed above, using their latest firmware revision. Canon EOS 5D Mark III (requires firmware 1.2.1 or later for correct serial number display).
6/12/2023 0 Comments Silver screen paint projectorHowever, if you have a light-controlled room that is fairly dark, then you have the option to go for gray, which is less reflective.Ī surface that is less reflective has the advantage of having fewer light reflections from the walls and ceilings. In a room that has a lot of ambient light creeping into the room through windows or doors, you will need a white-colored paint that is reflective so that there is enough amount of light being reflected from the projector screen surface. The amount of ambient lighting in the room will largely govern the color of the screen paint that you will purchase for your projector screen wall. So, I recommend you check my top recommended projectorsif you’re in the hunt of buying one. On the other hand, if you have a bright projector that is capable of producing light of more than 3000 lumens then you have an option of choosing either a white or Gray Screen depending on the other two factors mentioned below.īy the way, if you’re looking for the ideal home theater projector which fits your budget, you can check out my favorite ones.Īfter testing out so many projectors, I can say for sure that the big reviewing websites are not always correct. If your projector is incapable of producing light that is bright enough, then a gray projector screen is out of the question.įor such projectors, you will require a white projector screen that has substantial gain so that it can reflect enough light back so that the picture does not look dull or washed out. The Brightness of the Projectorįirst of all, it should be clear that a white screen will reflect more light than a black or Gray Screen. The choice of paint color will largely depend on four factors. Which Paint Color is Best for Projector Screens?īefore going and blindly purchasing the paint recommended by Projector Central, choosing the right color of paint is an important consideration before you make the decision. It is no longer recommended as many users have complained that it is too glossy.įrom the test results conducted by Projector Central, it is surprisingly learned that the right projector screen paint costing just $100 is capable of producing a picture quality that equals screen material worth a few thousand dollars. UPDATE: As per sources, Sherwin Williams has changed its formula for this paint. Unexpectedly, the picture quality matched the Studiotek 100. So, in search of a paint that was in between matte and glossy, they tested the Sherwin-Williams ProClassic Smooth Enamel Satin Finish. On the other hand, glossy finish paint was way too reflective. The aim of the research was to find a paint that would match the performance of the Stewart Filmscreen Studiotek 100, which is a premium screen material costing thousands of dollars.ĭuring the process of testing various brands and types of paint finishes, Projector Central had found that the matte and flat finishes produced a dull picture. Projector Central carried out comprehensive research for the best projector screen paint costing $100. A glossy finish is definitely out of the question as it would be too reflective. It would be natural to assume that the best paint for a projector screen would either be flat or matte. The color of the paint would depend on the projector’s brightness, ambient lighting, and personal preferences and requirements.Īll of these will be discussed in this article. Projector screen paint should have a very smooth finish, reflect less amount of light, and not look dull at the same time. But, what type and color of paint should you use for a projector screen? One of the cheaper alternatives is to paint the screen wall. The Silver Ticket screen (see it on Amazon) has thousands of 5-star reviews but costs almost $400. Unfortunately, a good projector screen is costly. 6/12/2023 0 Comments Design wizard pro reviewInstead of painstakingly mapping out what is said in your video, use YouTube’s Creator Studio to make your life easier. This is a text file that contains timecodes and subtitles for your video. Instead, you need to provide an SRT file when you create your ad campaign. Unlike Facebook and Instagram, LinkedIn doesn’t auto-generate captions. Take this into consideration from the start when you’re brainstorming ideas for your ad and be sure to have a transcript ready that you can upload. The default on all social networks is to play videos without sound giving users the option to turn sound on if they wish. To engage your viewers, emotion, music, brand voice, and content have to come together to craft a hook they can’t look away from or that makes them want to find out more. Sharing their experience automatically creates a high level of authenticity that is hard to come by otherwise. Know your audience’s pain points and show how your products or services can help overcome them.Ī great way to do this is to get your customers involved and tell their stories. An effective advertising technique is to focus on empathy and show how your brand or business cares instead of creating a quick sales pitch. The beginning of your video ad is crucial as you want to stop your LinkedIn audience to stop scrolling while also combating the low levels of attention spans of social media users. Avoid using a long intro or squeezing in your logo in the first few seconds. This requires some skill, as your hook needs to be entertaining and informative. Find out how you can set up your first campaign on the social media network and start growing revenue.įor the beginning of your LinkedIn video ad, be sure to create a hook that also puts the most important information first. Learn best practices for video ads on LinkedIn to get the mix of copy, visuals, and call to action right for a successful ad campaign. You don’t need any previous video editing knowledge. Dive straight in with our easy-to-use design tools and a wide selection of high-quality stock footage on Design Wizard. Here’s what to expect in a nutshell:įirst, you learn how you can create LinkedIn video ads to help you establish a more personal connection between your target audience and your business. We’ve put together this ultimate guide to give you a quick and simple way to get started on your LinkedIn video ads. Add to that the precision of targeting specific audiences with ads and you get accelerated lead generation and more conversions. Just like on all other social media platforms, advertising through video has become a powerful tool to increase brand awareness. LinkedIn video ads get more engagement than other content. US #C52 – 1958 7¢ Silhouette of Jet Airliner coil in blue There were only a handful of other Airmail coils issued in the years to come, with the last being issued in 1976: US #UC17 – 1947 5¢ Air Post Envelope picturing the SkyMaster and other methods of mail delivery US #UC26 – The SkyMaster image was changed to blue for this 1958 Air Post envelope. In all, the SkyMaster appeared on more than a dozen different postal items between 19. After this, the DC-4 SkyMaster was used on a few more Stationery Envelopes and Air Letters. It was one of the last two booklets to be issued at a price of 1¢ above the face value. There was also a 6¢ SkyMaster booklet stamp issued on November 18, 1949. US #UC16 – 1947 10¢ SkyMaster Air Post Envelope As with the previous coil stamp, it was only available in rolls of 500, so most of the stamps were used by businesses. And on August 25, 1949, a new 6¢ SkyMaster coil stamp was issued. A new 6¢ SkyMaster stamp was issued in sheet form on January 18, 1949. The 5¢ Airmail rate was in effect until December 31, 1948, after which it rose to 6¢. US #C41 – The 1949 6¢ SkyMaster coil stamp In all, only about 2% of all the SkyMaster stamps issued were coils. While the previous SkyMaster stamps were issued in the hundreds of millions, only about 33 million coils were printed. The 5¢ SkyMaster coil stamp was also issued in much lower numbers than the other SkyMaster stamps. So most individuals didn’t use them, instead they were usually used by corporations and other groups. That was a large sum for the time, plus the stamps weren’t properly formatted for current vending machines. The new stamp was only available in coils of 500, which cost $25. Then on January 15, 1948, the Post Office issued its very first airmail coil stamp. The embossed stamp had the busts of Washington and Franklin (who appeared on the first two US stamps) plus different methods of mail delivery, including a shop, a horse rider, and a DC-4 SkyMaster. And in May, they issued a Postal Stationery Envelope to celebrate the 100 th anniversary of US postage stamps. A month later, the Post Office issued its first Air Letter Sheet, which also picture the SkyMaster. The smaller size was adopted in preparation for future issues that could be used as coils or booklets and sold in vending machines. On March 26, 1947, the SkyMaster design appeared on a new, smaller airmail stamp. US #C33 – first SkyMaster stamp issued at the smaller size The Post Office also reported an increase of 19 million airmail letters sent in the first two weeks of October compared to the first two weeks of September, which they credited to the new lower rate. The SkyMaster issue was soon known as the “Nickel Air Mail Stamp” and was promoted during National Air Mail Week. The stamp and a matching Airmail Stationery Envelope were issued on September 25, but the rate didn’t take effect until October 1. This was a savings of up to 90¢ per ounce. This included airmail sent to and from US territories including Hawaii, Guam, and the Canal Zone. The first SkyMaster stamp was issued in 1946 to pay the reduced rate of domestic airmail from 8¢ per ounce to 5¢ per ounce. US #C32 – first SkyMaster stamp, issued in the larger format The SkyMaster was also widely used in commercial aviation and to deliver airmail. The aircraft quickly played a critical role in the Allied war effort and the Berlin Airlift of 1948-49. The DC-4 SkyMaster made its maiden flight on February 14, 1942. Only a few more coil stamps would be issued over the next 30 years, but the DC-4 SkyMaster would appear on more than a dozen postal items. The first US Airmail coil stamp was issued on January 15, 1948, in Washington, DC. US #C37 – America’s first Airmail coil stamp 6/12/2023 0 Comments One switch gamesThe company has promised at least one more patch to add other Konami characters as Bomberpeople, like Simon Belmont from Castlevania and the Pyramid Head from Silent Hill. and gain so much from the performance boost. Crisper Bombermen would be lovely, sure, but players lose nothing from some slight blur. Technically, it's just a matter of rendering primary colors, low-poly models, and simple textures. Bomberman is not a visually messy game, other than its bursts of flame. In the case of Super Bomberman R, the resolution slash totally works. That's a severe cut-and one that, in the past, could have been held up by a Nintendo "quality" certification roadblock, considering how much blur it adds to the game's appearance. Ars doesn't have pixel-counting gear handy, but rough estimates see the multiplayer mode's pixel count dropping from 1080p to 720p in the Switch's docked TV mode and from 720p to 540p in portable mode. This locked 60-FPS patch (improved from the original 30 FPS refresh) is remarkable for many reasons, most notably because it makes a major sacrifice to pull the performance-boost off: It slashes the game's rendering resolution. Weeks after launch, Konami pushed a critical patch to fix the game's woeful multiplayer modes, while the most recent, which went live late Thursday, was transformative: It bumped all multiplayer modes to a 60-frames-per-second visual refresh, and it added four free multiplayer arenas and other welcome tweaks, to boot. Not just first-party games, either (though performance-boosting patches have certainly been welcome for Zelda: Breath of the Wild).Īs it turns out, Konami, who owns the rights to the '90s multiplayer franchise Bomberman, has been responsible for three major patches to Switch launch title Super Bomberman R. Now, not even two months into the Switch's life, almost all of its games have received at least one patch in their first two weeks of existence, and quite a few have gotten multiple patches over the past two months. Something has clearly changed in terms of how developers can push updates on a Nintendo platform to make their games better. And other attempts at developer outreach, like interview requests sent to Nintendo's "indie" publishing manager, were frequently stonewalled as recently as 2014. Nicalis, the publishers behind indie favorites Cave Story and Binding of Isaac, publicly bemoaned the certification process that held back updates to the company's Wii games. Nintendo has been notorious among game makers for getting in the way of updates to released games that other game consoles have already addressed (and thus opened the door for more great indies and experimental games on consoles). At the time, they mostly spoke about the ease of translating games from other platforms, whether through a major engine like Unity and Unreal or through their own custom-built engines.īut what the speakers didn't explore much at the time-because, you know, the system wasn't out-was how easy it was to patch their games. The participating "Nindies" game makers on hand echoed that statement. Nintendo spoke at length at a late-February event about how its Nintendo Switch platform will make certain development tasks easier for game makers. And in one case, those updates have transformed at least one major Switch game from "maybe try" to "must buy." Patchwork What's bubbling up is just about as good, however: frequently updated games. But something interesting is quietly bubbling within the world of Switch games-though, sadly, I don't mean Nintendo's catalog of classic Virtual Console games. These include a gussied-up Mario Kart 8, the brand-new fighting series Arms, and a new Splatoon game that is finally looking more like a sequel than a last-gen port. With the Nintendo Switch's newness starting to fade, interest in the new console has begun to shift toward its upcoming wave of "bigger" games. – SSM: Updated the SSM User Guide to Third Edition (April 2011). The maximum delay is 10 seconds, therefore any value larger than 10 will delay for 10 seconds. – SSM: Added optional entry DelayAfterInstall in section of the CVA file to introduce a delay in seconds after the install command completes, allowing the install process to terminate properly. In F10, users must either turn ON the Caps Lock or press the shift key when entering the password. With the Caps Lock turned ON, all the characters in the password will have their SHIFT state SET including numeric keys. – SSM: When entering the Setup password in SSM admin mode, a warning popup is displayed if Caps Lock is ON. After SSM installs the SoftPaq the expanded files are not deleted, allowing end user to utilize the Add/Remove Programs repair option, or to reinstall the SoftPaq deliverable. – SSM: Added the command parameter /USEINSTALLPATH:, to specify the path to expand the SoftPaq for installation by SSM. – SSM: Added a warning message to the log for failed attempts to change the BIOS password because an incorrect password is provided. – SSM: In SSM admin mode if a password is set with unsupported characters (for example: CapsLock with Keypad characters), an error message is entered in the log file. HP SSM is a utility that supports the unattended upgrade or installation of drivers, system agents, and system ROM on multiple computers, simultaneously, from a centralized file store, without implementing a software distribution infrastructure. This package provides the HP System Software Manager (SSM) for supported notebook, desktop, and workstation models that are running a supported operating system. 6/11/2023 0 Comments Mixbus reviewSwitching the ratio down to 1.5:1 opens up a more subtle bus-compression option, which initially started to leave our mix sounding a little unfinished: parts that previously sat together well now either jumped out as too loud or got lost. There’s a slight shrinking of the stereo image with both units, which helps to propel the track forward a little more, pushing the main, central parts – the kick, snare, bass and vocal – out, and giving the track a radio-ready vibe. Overall, the Crème did sound a touch more hi-fi and less edgy. If anything, our SSL-style compressor was a little more aggressive with transients and more pronounced around the 800-1000Hz range, but there wasn’t much in it, and any difference could easily have been due to tiny differences in the amount of gain reduction taking place. Neither unit colours the sound by very much, both pushing the midrange slightly and providing a similar sense of ‘glue’ to the overall mix. Both units have similar options for attack, release and ratio (the Crème has an additional 1.5 ratio that our compressor does not) and only really differ when it comes to the sidechain – the Crème only providing low-cut options at 60 and 120Hz, compared to the four high-pass filters and two shelving options on the GSSL bus compressor.Īs we were using the 90Hz option initially, we opted to go with the 60Hz setting on the Crème and adjust the other to match it and then finally dialled in the threshold and make-up gain by ear, to get as close as we could to the same.Ĭomparing the two revealed a striking similarity. As an initial test, we set the Crème up on an existing rock mix that already had our custom SSL-style compressor (one of many DIY compressors, based on the Gyraf Audio SSL 4000 compressor circuit) across the bus, and attempting to match the two compressors. We installed the Crème in our rack and set to work running mixes through it. Once we’d got over the quality of the packaging, it was time to get excited about the product itself. It pretty much demands you find a use for it, even if it’s just as a store for cables, mics, or perhaps guitar pedals. Such is the unique beauty of the chest, that it would feel absurd to throw it out once the unit was racked up. We wouldn’t have been surprised to have found a hoard of doubloons inside, replacing packing peanuts. The Crème arrived packed inside a wooden chest. But none of this is good enough for Tegeler. The kind of thing you can quickly chuck out once you’ve racked the gear up, or store away if you think you might sell the device on in the near future. Most high-end audio equipment ships in large, well-lined cardboard boxes, with plenty of cut polystyrene holding it in place. By combining both a Pultec-style passive EQ, with a VCA compressor in a single 2U device, the Tegeler Crème is positioning itself as the perfect tool for mixbus processing. Whether it’s the exquisite shaping an EQ across the mix can bring, the steady glue of a compressor, or just the subtle saturation of analogue components, analogue processing can help to give your whole mix that pleasing sense of analogue mojo that is missing from so many modern mixes. There’s nothing quite like analogue mixbus processing to give you the edge when mixing. All controls on switches or notched potentiometers.Price €1,699 Contact Tegeler Audio Manufaktur Crème key features: 6/11/2023 0 Comments Smart wall ovensIt’s often designated with a number, like “5-in-1” (there are five cooking modes), 7-in-1, or 12-in-1 - with numbers in between. This refers to the number of cooking functions the machine offers. “So, if you’re searching for something quick and efficient, go for something smaller.” On the other hand, if you’re using it to cook a turkey or that pizza, you’ll want one with a larger capacity. “The smaller the oven, the faster it heats up and the less electricity it uses,” Donovan added. While you may be using this as a replacement for various other appliances (possibly getting rid of an old toaster, for example), you may also need one that’s compact itself. What your countertop probably doesn’t need is another appliance taking up valuable space. Not all smart ovens are alike, and some have more bells and whistles than the others. Shopping Expert shopping: Pressure cookers How to shop for a smart oven Many smart ovens also come equipped with smart home features, allowing you to control cooking from your smartphone or smart assistant and access their recipes (which are automatically programmed to the oven), thermometers, and sometimes cameras to watch the cooking. by turning on different burners) and air circulation within, said Donovan, who recently wrote “ The Complete Convection Oven Cookbook.” What’s more, they’re often quicker to preheat, she noted. They’re able to switch between modes by adjusting heating elements (e.g. “You can cook all the same things you would in a regular oven, but a convection oven does it faster, generally cutting 25 percent off the cooking time,” cookbook author Robin Donovan told NBC News Shopping, adding that “these ovens are appealing because most people want to be able to cook in less time.” That makes them ideal considerations for anyone with a smaller kitchen, tighter schedule or yearning for simplicity when cooking. The idea is that these countertop ovens can replace many of the devices you’re currently using - able to perform wide-ranging cooking tasks from broiling to air frying and baking - saving you money, time and counter space. Some are essentially enhanced versions of countertop convection ovens and toasters, though their size tends to outgrow those. Smart ovens are high-tech, multi-function ovens - meaning they’re smart appliances that can cook in several different modes through simple navigation (usually a push of a button), helping take some of the guesswork out of cooking. 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Forbes's David Kroll notes that there are also hallucinogenic chemicals in Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), Mandragora officinarum (mandrake), and Datura stramonium (jimsonweed). And they experimented with other plants, as well. So people, as people are wont to do, adapted this knowledge, figuring out ways to tame ergot, essentially, for hallucinatory purposes. Photo credits: header, Pexels public domain cover, Julian Paren CC-BY-SA-2.A 17th-century wood engraving of a "witch" being prepared for "flight" (Wellcome Institute, London, via John Mann) Pereira Lima Teixeira et al 2015 – Time for Chocolate: Current Understanding and New Perspectives on Cacao Witches’ Broom Disease Research University of Maryland Extension – Witches Broom on Trees I have an update on our black walnut adventure if you'd like to check it out!Īmerican Conifer Society – What is a Witch’s Broom to attend our next Biophilia: Pittsburgh meeting. Depending on the tree and the pathogen, you may even notice a bit of withering on the branch holding the "broom."Ĭontinue the Conversation: Share your nature discoveries with our community by posting to Twitter and Instagram with hashtag #bioPGH, and R.S.V.P. The next time you're out on a hike, keep an eye out for a mass of branches that doesn't seem to have been assembled by a squirrel. I’d call that witch’s broom fungus a little goblin! Imagine a chocolate shortage on Halloween.now that is the stuff of nightmares!Ĭonnecting to the Outdoors Tip:Witch's broom can occur on a wide variety of native Pennsylvania trees, both evergreen and deciduous. perniciosa first moves into the living plant tissue and makes itself at home until the tissue dies…and the fugus proceeds to feed off of it. One of the biggest causes of cacao crop loss, M. If you want to hear a really scary tidbit, though, witch’s broom is a notorious nemesis of Theobroma cacao - chocolate trees! In this case, the witch’s broom is caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, and it truly is a problem. They can actually be ecologically beneficial as birds and squirrels use them for nesting. In some cases, witch’s brooms seem to divert nutrients and thus be detrimental to plant but in other cases, the masses don’t seem to be a problem for the tree. Then, through a process that involves hijacking plant growth hormones, the pathogen induces unusual plant growth in a variety of directions - hence twigs and branches growing every which way around the mass of infection. How can these different infections all cause twisted masses of branches? It’s a little physiologically complicated, but essentially, the pathogen (whether a virus, bacteria, fungus, etc.) will interrupt a normal point of growth, like at a bud. Viruses and mutations within plant cells themselves can also lead to witch’s brooms. For example, two different kinds of fungi can cause witch’s brooms on cherry trees, mites can do the same to hackberry trees, and phytoplasms (a group of bacteria that only attack plant vascular tissue) can create gnarly masses on a variety of a trees. Witch’s brooms can occur on a number of different species of tree and shrubs, and a variety of different pathogens can cause them. But what causes the mass? And are they are a problem for the plant? Pull up a toadstool and let’s chat by cauldron! These “brooms,” are named as such because they look like they belong to a spooky witch, of course. “Witch’s broom” is a generic term for a plant condition that looks like a mass of tangled, twisted twigs and small branches clumped on a tree branch. Perhaps we won’t see witches actually flying on brooms this weekend, but you’re very likely to see a witch’s broom on a walk in the woods. The Weird Sisters, Macbeth When the wood gnarls and twists, A resource of Biophilia: Pittsburgh, #bioPGH is a weekly blog and social media series that aims to encourage both children and adults to reconnect with nature and enjoy what each of our distinctive seasons has to offer. |